Racial Profiling in Canada - 1166 Words

Racial profiling is the act of selecting targets for criminal investigation not on behavioural merit, but exclusively on markers of personal identity such as race, ethnicity, and religious orientation (Perry, 2011, p.9). In other words, racial profiling is the by-product of subjecting individuals who are from a particular racial community to a higher degree of scrutiny and surveillance by criminal justice system agents when compared to other racial communities (Wortley and Owusu-Bempah, 2011, p.135). One Canadian community in particular has been impacted by racial profiling: black Canadians. There has been a significant body of literature which has attested to the veracity of the argument that black Canadians are victimized via racial profiling. For example, the Commission of Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System found that the majority of black respondents surveyed had been treated unfairly by the Canadian criminal justice system (Wortley and Owusu-Bempah, 2011, p.133-134). Furthermore, Canadian research studies have consistently revealed that blacks are more likely to come into negative police contact compared to Caucasians (Wortley and Owusu-Bempah, 2011, p. 135). Alarmingly, suspected black offenders are also more likely to be shot and experience use of force by Canadian law enforcement personnel than their white counterparts (Wortley and Owusu-Bempah, 2011, p. 138). This is not, however, the only form of racial profiling that black CanadiansShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling in Canada Essay examples1300 Words   |  6 Pagesis dispute regarding what defines racial profiling. Critics ask Is it racist, or is a necessary part of law enforcement. Racial profiling is identified by Adele Cassola in her article as unjust whereas Denyse Coles argues that racial profiling is necessary and is not considered racism. According to the Ontario Human Rights Commission â€Å"Racial profiling is based on stereotypical assumptions because of one’s race, colour, ethnicity, etc.† whereas criminal profiling â€Å"relies on actual behaviour or onRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Justice System1365 Words   |  6 Pagesis just how it looks like at a glance in Canada, as for minorities living in Canada and, in particular to black Canadians, these minorities face a different reality in the encounters with police and the justice system in comparison to their white counterparts. Which raises the question of how equal each citizen really is under the same rules. Therefore, in the essay I argue racial profiling is evident in stop and search practices targeting Blacks in Canada by police officers due to institutional racismRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United Kingdom934 Words   |  4 PagesRacial profiling has become a highly debatable law enforcement practice over the last two decades. There has been an overwhelming increase of reported instances in which law enforcement personnel have been accused of targeting certain minority groups. This has casted a luminous spotlight on racial profiling, as well as increased tensions between law enforcement and citizens. Two black America s by the Wilson Quarterly reported that New York City police stopped nearly 700,000 people, with 85% ofRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Drugs Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesargue that law enforcement agencies routinely engage in racial profiling, arresting and charging a disproportionate number of individuals who are from visible minorities. Unfortunately, police agencies simply explain that they have not targeted the race, but they target the crime. As a result, this paper will examine the relationship between the racial profiling by police agencies and the drug offense, affected minorities by the racial profiling, and possible explanations why minorities are in a greatRead MoreRacism : Racism And Police Brutality916 Words   |  4 PagesMyrian Rios Professor Thibodeau ENC 1101 Composition I 8:00-9:50 10 June 2015 Essay 1 Racism in the Legal System Racial profiling isn’t something new to today’s society. Most recently there were incidents in which the officers were accused of mistreating blacks such as Michael Brown and Freddie Gray. â€Å"Racism versus professionalism: claims and counter-claims about racial profiling† written by Vic Satzewich and William Shaffir discusses racism versus professionalism with officers. Their argumentRead MoreCriminal Profiling1152 Words   |  5 Pagescriminal profiling. Some psychiatrists, criminologists, and psychologists believe there are specific traits, psychological factors that will separate a person from the rest of society. This thesis will explain that criminal profiling will help narrow the list of suspects from rape and homicide by formulating the type of person whom the investigators should be looking for. How long does he or she think criminal profiling has been used in law enforcement? Criminal Profiling CriminalRead MoreRacial Profiling Is Wrong And Ineffective1845 Words   |  8 PagesRacial Profiling can be described as an individual being suspected of a crime solely on the grounds of their race or ethnicity. Racial Profiling goes against the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom, and takes away an individual rights. Racial profiling is wrong and ineffective. It affects both the community and it misshapes the democracy of our country. Racial profiling is caused by stereotyping certain minority groups. Racial profiling targets innocent people who are wrongfully accused becauseRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Problem For A Long Time1866 Words   |  8 PagesPaper In Canada there are a lot of issues that we deal with on a daily basis. One issue that has been a problem for a long time in Canada is Racial Profiling. Racial Profiling is a form of discrimination by which law enforcement uses a person’s race or cultural background as the primary reason to suspect that the individual has broken the law. For this final paper assignment, we had to analyze one criminal justice system problem or issue in Canada, and I thought that since racial profiling has alwaysRead MoreThe Black Of Black Criminal Labels866 Words   |  4 Pagesthe stereotypes that black people are commonly involve or associate with regarding with crime. She thought it was a plausible concept to understand the images of crime shown by a society. She explicates on racial stereotypes through crime rates, black involvement in crimes, media, and racial hoaxes. For instance, young black males in America are commonly perceived as violent, gang affiliated, and sustain by other lab els everywhere. She mentions â€Å"talking about crime is talking about race† whichRead MoreThe Relationship Between Race and Crime Essay668 Words   |  3 Pagessource of crime. I am going to show the relationship between race and crime. More specifically, I will be discussing the higher chances of minorities being involved in the criminal justice system than the majority population, discrimination, racial profiling and the environment criminals live in. It is a stereotype that black people are more likely to be criminals than white people. Does this stereotype have any truth to it? A black male born in the United States of America today would have a

Social And Cultural Diversity For Counseling Association...

The object of this paper is to give an overview of social and cultural diversity by identifying personal memories of contacts with other cultures and describing experiences associated with these contacts. This paper will give a complete definition, with regard to every detail, of what it means to be a subtle racist. In addition, it will give an account of why people of the same ethnic group can have significant differences in their values and perceptions of the world. Finally, this paper will state completely, with regard to every detail, how the American Counseling Association (ACA) and National Association for Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors (NAADAC) codes of ethics will inform the practice of social and cultural diversity, the role of cultural sensitivity and communication styles in treatment, also how social and cultural diversity courses will help me in a future practice as a counselor. Definition of Cultural Diversity Cultural Diversity can define as the state of being different relating to the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a society. When discussing cultural biases, we are all made up of our cultural influences and inherit some of the racial, and gender, biases of our society. â€Å"Everyone (regardless of race, gender, or sexual orientation) possesses biased beliefs, attitudes, and stereotypes toward others† (Sue Sue 2013). Identifying my Personal Biases When Identifying my personal biases: as a black American male, I have biases when it comes to myShow MoreRelatedPrinciples of Psychopathology: Diagnosis and Treatment4567 Words   |  19 PagesCo-disorders of Substance Abuse Principles of Psychopathology: Diagnosis and Treatment Abstract Addiction in general, but opioid dependence has become a billion dollar business for the treatment industry. Heroin used to be the only widespread opioid used. The new opioid users are those who are given pain pills by their family and ER physicians. What happened to the old adages that if it hurts take an aspirin? Today’s unusual mix includes cultural differences of people whoRead MoreRole of Social Worker and Substance Abuse3083 Words   |  13 PagesRole of Social Workers and Substance Abuse Abstract Social workers promote social justice and social change with and on behalf of clients. â€Å"Clients† is used inclusively to refer to individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. Social workers are sensitive to cultural and ethnic diversity and strive to end discrimination, oppression, poverty, and other forms of social injustice. These activities may be in the form of direct practice, community organizing, supervision, consultationRead MoreMID TERM STUDY GUIDE Essay16611 Words   |  67 Pagesfollowing statements is true? (16) a. Counseling involves a relationship between a counselor and client, with the counselor helping the client resolve a problem. *** b. Child counseling focuses on children with learning, social, or behavioral problems who are not classified as being severely disturbed. c. There are completely different principles of counseling for children than adults. d. None of the above. 9. Possibly the most important outcome for counseling occurs when a client: (17) a. isRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pageslook at evaluation piece. Are the therapies working for them and making them the best they can be? 3. Caregiver stress and prevention measures that can be done by nurses? 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Imbibition in Kidney Beans free essay sample

To investigate the effect that emersion in salt solutions has on imbibition in kidney beans. * Safety Considerations: * One must use extreme caution when working with chemicals. Always wear protective goggles and gloves when handling them. KCl is slightly hazardous in case of skin contact, eye contact, ingestion, or inhalation. In case of eye contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention if irritation develops. In case of skin contact, wash with soap and water. Cover the irritated area with a moisturizer. Seek medical attention if irritation develops. In case of inhalation, move to fresh air. Seek medical attention if breathing is difficult. In case of ingestion, loosen any tight clothing, such as collar, tie, or waistband. Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Seek medical attention if symptoms appear. In case of spillage, use appropriate tools to put the spilled solution into a waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and dispose of according to local requirements. Introduction * Research Question: * Does a salt solution have an effect compared to distilled water on imbibition in kidney beans? * Background: * Imbibition is defined as the physical adsorption of water onto the internal surfaces of structures. For plants, this means the uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed. 2 * Imbibition is a determining factor of seed germination. It causes the seed to expand and rupture its coat and triggers metabolic changes in the embryo that enable it to resume growth. * The extent to which water imbibition occurs is dependent upon three factors: composition of the seed, seed coat permeability, and water availability. * Composition of the seed: Seeds typically possess extremely low water potential due to their osmotic characteristics. The low water potentials are a consequence of the relationship of water with components of the seed. Imbibition is not dependent on metabolic energy, and is instead related to the properties of the colloids present in seed tissues, such as proteins. Proteins exhibit both negative and positive charges that attract the highly charged polar water molecules. High protein containing seeds will imbibe more water than starch or oil containing seeds, which have little to no affinity for water. * Seed coat permeability: Water permeability is usually greatest at the micropylar area where the seed coat is quite thin, as well as at the hilum. Thick, gooey mucilages extruded from seed coats increase imbibition, as do the cellulose and pectins located in cell walls. Availability of water: The ability to imbibe water is dependent on cell water potential and is a result of three forces: * Cell wall matric forces: Cell walls and intracellular inclusions such as mitochondria and ribosomes are characterized by the presence of membranes. These membranes possess charges that attract water molecules and contribute to the total cell water potential. In a salt solution, there are less water molecules for the membranes to attract, causing less water to be imbibed into the seed. Cell osmotic concentration: The greater the concentration of soluble compounds, the greater the attraction for water. * Cell turgor pressure: As water enters a cell, it exerts a swelling force on the cell wall called turgor pressure. Turgor pressure is a result of the restraining force of the cell wall and tends to slow water absorption. * Water potential measures the tendency of water to leave one place in favor of another. Water always moves to a more negative water potential. The water potential of pure water is zero. The soils in which seeds are planted also exhibit their own water potentials. The physical properties of soils determine the retention and conductivity of water. For example, soils heavy in clays are able to absorb water more vigorously and retain it longer than those possessing high quantities of sand. Therefore, seed and soil water potential must compete with the soil water potential for imbibition to occur. Most soils exhibit a high degree of hydraulic conductivity that replenishes the available water surrounding the seed as it continues the process of imbibition. 3 * KCl and NaCl are salts, which have lower water potentials than distilled water. KCl is often found in fertilizers. NaCl is often a factor in the problem of dry-land salinity, which results when more water enters the groundwater system than is discharged from the system, causing the water table to rise. As it rises, the groundwater dissolves the soluble salts stored in the subsoil and brings salty water into the reach of plants. Dry-land salinity causes a decline in agricultural productivity that is associated with saline soils. High concentrations of salt in the soil restrict plant uptake of water and prevent plants from taking up essential nutrients and are therefore toxic to plants. Distilled water Distilled water After 48 hours Left to right: KCl, salt water, distilled water Left to right: KCl, salt water, distilled water Close-ups after 48 hours of emersion Salt water Salt water KCl KCl Distilled water Distilled water KCl KCl Salt water Salt water Left to right: KCl, salt water, distilled water Left to right: KCl, salt water, distilled water This graph shows the differences between the three solutions in the start weight and the end weight of the beans. It can be seen that the change in mass decreases going from distilled water, to salt water, to KCl. The end weight was measured 48 hours after emersion. This graph shows the differences between the three solutions in the start weight and the end weight of the beans. It can be seen that the change in mass decreases going from distilled water, to salt water, to KCl. The end weight was measured 48 hours after emersion. KCl Change in mass: 3. 23 g KCl Change in mass: 3. 23 g Salt water Change in mass: 3. 35 g Salt water Change in mass: 3. 35 g This graph shows the differences between the three solutions in the percent change in mass of the beans. It can be seen that the percent change in mass decreases going from distilled water, to salt water, to KCl. These values were obtained from end weights taken 48 hours after emersion. This graph shows the differences between the three solutions in the percent change in mass of the beans. It can be seen that the percent change in mass decreases going from distilled water, to salt water, to KCl. These values were obtained from end weights taken 48 hours after emersion. Statistical Analysis Values for T-test| | p| 0. 05| Degrees of freedom| 4| Critical value| 2. 132| t| 71. 2090| Result5| 2. 132 71. 2090| A t-test measures the statistical significance a set of data holds. Null hypothesis = There is no significant difference between the change in mass of the kidney bean after being soaked in distilled water, salt water, and KCl. If t critical value, accept null hypothesis, If t critical value, reject null hypothesis t critical value; the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, there is a significant difference in the change in mass of the kidney beans after being soaked in distilled water, salt water, and KCl. Conclusion/ Evaluation According to statistical analysis from this experiment, salt solutions do have an effect on imbibition in kidney beans compared to distilled water. While all beans imbibed, the kidney beans soaking in the distilled water imbibed the most, and the kidney beans soaking in the KCl imbibed the least, the beans soaking in the salt solution falling in the middle. This can be seen from the second graph that compares the percent changes in mass of the three groups. The result achieved makes logical sense. A salt solution contains less water molecules than distilled water. Therefore, the membranes of the beans soaking in the salt solutions had less to attract, so less water was imbibed into the seed. This may explain one reason why dry-land salinity is such a large issue for plants. If the water a plant has to soak up is salty, they will not be able to grow as big or strong as they would otherwise be able to because of the lessened amount of usable water they receive opposed to the moisture in the soil. In some cases, they will not even be able to imbibe enough water for the radicle to sprout or the seed coat to break to begin plant growth. This is shown in this experiment in the first table, which shows that none of the seed coats of the seeds soaking in KCl broke. Results of this experiment were similar to research done by Del Valle, Stanley and Bourne, who found that the addition of salt to a soaking solution generally reduced water absorption and swelling in dry beans. * Errors/ limitations: * Measures were not taken to ensure concentrations of KCl and NaCl were similar. The NaCl had a higher concentration of water than it should have for accurate results, causing more imbibition than their realistically should have been. Instead of being in the middle data-wise, it should have been more similar to the KCl solution, as both are salts. One tablespoon of salt in 40 mL of water was not near the concentration of the . 1 M KCl solution. * For the 48 hours the seeds were soaking, they were not covered. This allowed for evaporation. Especially after the 24 hours mark, the seeds were not emerged in nearly as much water, having potential to severely affect the ending masses of all the beans. This would then effect the change in mass and then the percent change in mass for each. Assuming the evaporation rates for each liquid are similar, the changes in mass were simply lower than they should have been. If the evaporation rates for each were different, another variable was created, and the data could be skewed to favor whichever had more water to soak in. * Lab improvements: * A step should be added into the procedure after emersion of the beans to cover the beakers with Saran wrap so as to not block light or create a potential change in temperature for the beans. This would remove the issue of evaporation, ensuring each set of beans has the same amount of liquid to soak in the whole time, ensuring any differences in results are due only to the nature of the solutions the beans are soaking in and not a confounding variable. Research should be conducted to ensure the concentrations of the two salt solutions are similar, so one does not have a higher concentration of water than the other. This would ensure the differences between the beans for the two different salt solutions were really due to differences in the nature of the solutions, and not only to differences in the water concen tration between the two.

Pricing Policies for New Products Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Pinatex a non-woven textile Product. Answer: Introduce Pinatex is a non-woven textile product. This product is made from pineapple leaves. This product has evolved over the last seven years. Waste plant fibers are the key materials used in the production of this product. This product is developed by Ananas Anam. Pinatex is one of the by-products got from a pineapple harvest. In the production of Pinatex, there is no need for extra land, there is no need for fertilizers. This is because this product is purely a by-product of pineapple harvest. As such it comes at no extra cost. Exporting this product to China is a good option given that this particular product is not yet introduced into China. Besides, China has a potential market for this particular product. Market Selection And Entry Strategy The Chinese market is very unique nation. These market is very unique given that it operates differently compared to other markers across the globe. In China, the people normally have their own values according to Davies et al (2011), they have their own attitudes and most importantly a different world perspective. The Chinese market has its own way of operations. In addition to this, the Chinese market is one of the largest markets that has not received Pinatex. It has a large customer base and as such can be a good source of revenue. Given the uniqueness of this particular market it is important that a good entry strategy is put in place. Pinatex can build a big brand name in the Chinese market. However this will require three very important components. These three components can help in a new entrant. This can help Pinatex in filling void in the market. This three components are as illustrated below. Focusing on consumer impact This is a very important component for new entrants. Pinatex should emphasize on looking at this component. It is the end user of the Pinatex product that will decide the destiny of Pinatex in China - its new market. The introduction of the brand will depend largely on the customers and therefore it is important to make a good impression. First impression is very important when entering the new Chinese market. It is essential to focus more on quality delivery and consistency (Doherty, 2016). Allow for customization It is important for Pinatex to provide the opportunity for its customers in the new market with customization options. This customization can bring about significant growth in the event that this is implemented successfully. The business model ought to be built exclusively around the customer longing for personalization (Dean, 2017). In many occasions, the interest in new companies entering into new markets is majorly driven by the quality of products that are customized according to Ellis, (2016, p. 444). This are products that the organization is able to deliver to the customers more consistently and very quickly. It is therefore essential for Pinatex meet their customers demands by increasing their offers to meet customer customization demands. Predictability Predictability is vital if a brand is gain ground in a new market. Customers require business that can be consistent and predictable in their dealings. The success or failure of a brand depends on consistently especially in unique and dynamic markets such as the Chinese market. The reason why customers seek known brand in the market is because of consistency and the ability to provide uniform experience. In order for Pinatex to effectively meet day to day expectations of large markets such as the Chinese market it is important to streamline operations in such a manner that they inspire confidence among the customers. This is the only sure way one can meet high expectations of larger markets such as China according to (Chrisman Hofer, 2015) The business may need to build an infrastructure that is very simple in order to achieve predictability. The infrastructure should be in such a manner that one location mirrors down to the others. However it is important to note that with the cust omization component above, predictability can be a little bit tasking. However it is possible to achieve if a good plan is put in place. (Omar et al, 2009), stresses the fact that predictability and consistency are the key factors for new business entering new markets. By implementing measure that lean towards predictability and control, a business ensures that there is efficiency. By delivering on these three points, a business is able to satisfy its clients and gain a larger market share in a new market more efficiently and steadily. An outstanding business model is what can guarantee that customers will be loyal. Pricing Strategy Pricing strategy is essential for launching a new business into a new market. Coming up with the right price is essential. Pricing is very important given that it is a very productive and vital marketing tool. The price that Pinatex will choose to in the process of entering the new market will determine the reaction of the customers and this will make or break the business. It is also the first impression that a business gives customers and therefore forms the platform upon which customers can judge the business. The long term and the short term goals are essential in setting the price. Long-Term Premium Since Pinatex is the fashion industry, it is important to use the approach of long term premium pricing. This is because in this industry, the customers are people who wants quality products. As such they are more concerned about the product quality and an outstanding service delivery more than anything else. Even though skimming and penetration pricing have been the two most applied entry pricing methods, it is important to note that the Chinese market is unique and given the target audience are often aggressive people, who are mainly concerned with quality, then it follows that premium pricing is most appropriate pricing strategy to be used in this kind of scenario to launch high prices early. This is because the company (Pinatex) hopes to maintain these prices at such levels. Beside this particular market is large enough to sustain Pinatex (Hennart, 2009). Promotion Strategy Offering incentives with targeted landing pages The use of incentives and targeted landing pages is one of the best ways in which Pinatex can promote its brand in China. By creating two different landing pages, the business increase leads. This landing pages help in creating conversation and enables the product to be the talk of the town in various forums. Incentives are very important in that they encourage customers to participate more in using the product. Using social media The use of social media in promoting the product is very important. In order to reach the huge Chinese population it is important for Pinatex to employ the use of social media. This is because the use of social media is most often cheaper compared to any other means of promotion. The Chinese population is largely connected. The internet connection in china is one of the worlds best and as such using social media for promotional purposes is very important (Chen, Kor, Mahoney Tan, 2017). Distribution Strategy Direct strategy It is important for Pinatex to distribute its products directly to the end users. This way it will be able to customize its market entry strategy. This strategy can be customized to mirror the prevailing market conditions. Pinatex can then be able to quickly make adjustments whenever necessary depending on the market conditions faced. By this method, Pinatex can effectively eliminate middle men who may bring about high cost of operations. Through direct distribution methods, Pinatex will be responsible for marketing its products, doing its own market research, customer and sales services among others. It can also operate an online store since many people operated online in todays business environment (Chung Enderwick, 2011). Competitive Strategy A competitive strategy is a companys long term plan for realizing its competitive advantage. In order for Pinatex to outdo its competitors it has to use the best competitive strategy in the Chinese market. Choice of competitive strategy must have a well thought out action plans to withstand the pressures in the competitive market. The best strategy for Pinatex to use is the differentiation strategy. This is because Pinatex products are unique. This strategy will help Pinatex to come up with its own competitive advantage for marketing its unique products. These products are unique compared to what other competitors have in the Chinese market. This strategy may involve some costs since Pinatex will have to do its own research. However it is worth the cost given that it will lower the sensitivity associated with the prices while increasing brand loyalty. Conclusion Make a successful entry into a new market can be a challenge to many business across the globe. However with proper research and planning this exercise can very productive. It is important that appropriate study are carried out in order to enable expatriates to understand their new market effectively. A market entry strategy is very important as it maps out how one is to sell and distribute products to its customers among others. Only proper well thought out strategies can bring in revenue (Singh, Sandhu, 2017). Works Cited Dean, J. (2017). Pricing Policies for New Products. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 24 May 2017, from https://hbr.org/1976/11/pricing-policies-for-new-products Chung, H. F., Enderwick, P. (2011). An investigation of market entry strategy selection: Exporting vs foreign direct investment modesa home-host country scenario. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 18(4), 443-460. Doherty, A. M. (2016). The internationalization of retailing: Factors influencing the choice of franchising as a market entry strategy. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 18(2), 184-205. Buckley, P. J., Casson, M. C. (2010). Analyzing foreign market entry strategies: Extending the internalization approach. Journal of international business studies, 29(3), 539-561. Chrisman, J. J., Hofer, C. W. (2015).Corporate diversification: Entry, strategy, and performance, by E Ralph Biggadike. Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review (pre-1986), 9(000004), 772. Omar, M., Williams Jr, R. L., Lingelbach, D. (2009). Global brand market-entry strategy to manage corporate reputation. Journal of Product Brand Management, 18(3), 177-187. Ellis, P. (2016). Impact of social ties and foreign market entry. Journal of international business studies, 31(3), 443-469. Davies, H., Leung, T. K., Luk, S. T., Wong, Y. H. (2011). The benefits of relationships in developing the Chinese market. Industrial marketing management, 24(3), 207-214. Hennart, J. F. (2009). Down with MNE-centric theories! Market entry and expansion as the bundling of MNE and local assets. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9), 1432-1454. Chen, P. L., Kor, Y., Mahoney, J. T., Tan, D. (2017). Pre?market entry experience and post?market entry learning of the board of directors: Implications for post?entry performance. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. Singh, D., Singh, H., Sandhu, N. (2017). New Market Entry Strategies: Public and Private Sector Banks in India. SCMS Journal of Indian Management, 15(1).